Typical Testing Data/Standard Curve (for reference only)
Mouse Gremlin 1 ELISA Kit | GREM1 elisa kit
Mouse Gremlin 1 ELISA Kit
Typical Testing Data/Standard Curve (for reference only)
Typical Testing Data/Standard Curve (for reference only)
Background: Gremlin, also known as Increased in High Glucose protein 2 (IHG-2) and Down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein (Drm), is a 28 kDa member of the Dan family of secreted glycoproteins. Human Gremlin is synthesized as a 184 amino acid (aa) precursor that contains a 24 aa signal sequence and a 160 aa mature region. The mature region contains one potential site for N-linked glycosylation (Asn 42), a cysteine-rich region, and a cysteine knot motif (aa 94 - 184) whose structure is shared by members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Post-translational modifications include glycosylation and phosphorylation. Gremlin exists in both secreted and membrane-associated forms. There are two isoforms for human Gremlin. Isoform 1 is the standard protein, and in isoform 2, there is a deletion of aa 39 - 79. Human Gremlin shares 99% and 86% aa sequence identity with mouse and chick Gremlin, respectively. Northern blot analysis shows that Gremlin mRNA is highly expressed in the small intestine, fetal brain and colon, and weakly expressed in adult brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas and skeletal muscle. Gremlin functions as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist. It acts by binding to, and forming heterodimers with, BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7, thus preventing them from interacting with their cell surface receptors. This mechanism is thought to be responsible for the pattern-inducing activity of Gremlin during embryonic development and to play a role in human diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy. However, intracellular BMP-independent mechanisms of action may mediate the ability of Gremlin to suppress transformation and tumorigenesis under certain experimental conditions. Gremlin also interacts with Slit proteins and acts as an inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis. In addition, Gremlin has been found to be a proangiogenic factor expressed by endothelium.
NCBI and Uniprot Product Information
Uniprot Description
GREM1: Cytokine that may play an important role during carcinogenesis and metanephric kidney organogenesis, as a BMP antagonist required for early limb outgrowth and patterning in maintaining the FGF4-SHH feedback loop. Down-regulates the BMP4 signaling in a dose-dependent manner. Acts as inhibitor of monocyte chemotaxis. Interacts with SLIT1 and SLIT2 in a glycosylation- dependent manner. By high glucose through TGFB1-mediated pathways in mesangial cell. Down-regulated in tumor cell lines. Highly expressed in small intestine, fetal brain and colon. Weakly expressed in brain, ovary, prostate, pancreas and skeletal muscle. In brain found in the region localized around the internal capsule in the large subcortical nuclei, including caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, thalamus and subthalamus. Predominantly expressed in normal cells including neurons, astrocytes and fibroblasts. Belongs to the DAN family. 2 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.
Protein type: Secreted; Secreted, signal peptide
Cellular Component: cell surface; extracellular space
Molecular Function: heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding; receptor agonist activity; transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding
Biological Process: activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor; angiogenesis; cell migration during sprouting angiogenesis; cell morphogenesis; cell-cell signaling; collagen fibril organization; determination of dorsal identity; embryonic limb morphogenesis; endothelial cell migration; limb development; negative regulation of apoptosis; negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway; negative regulation of bone mineralization; negative regulation of bone remodeling; negative regulation of cell growth; negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation; negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis; negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation; negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; organ morphogenesis; positive regulation of angiogenesis; positive regulation of cell proliferation; positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; positive regulation of receptor internalization; positive regulation of telomerase activity; positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; proximal/distal pattern formation; regulation of focal adhesion formation; regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade; signal transduction; ureteric bud branching
Research Articles on GREM1
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Product Notes
The Mouse GREM1 grem1 (Catalog #AAA8248439) is an ELISA Kit and is intended for research purposes only. The product is available for immediate purchase. The AAA8248439 ELISA Kit recognizes Mouse GREM1. It is sometimes possible for the material contained within the vial of "Gremlin 1, ELISA Kit" to become dispersed throughout the inside of the vial, particularly around the seal of said vial, during shipment and storage. We always suggest centrifuging these vials to consolidate all of the liquid away from the lid and to the bottom of the vial prior to opening. Please be advised that certain products may require dry ice for shipping and that, if this is the case, an additional dry ice fee may also be required.Precautions
All products in the AAA Biotech catalog are strictly for research-use only, and are absolutely not suitable for use in any sort of medical, therapeutic, prophylactic, in-vivo, or diagnostic capacity. By purchasing a product from AAA Biotech, you are explicitly certifying that said products will be properly tested and used in line with industry standard. AAA Biotech and its authorized distribution partners reserve the right to refuse to fulfill any order if we have any indication that a purchaser may be intending to use a product outside of our accepted criteria.Disclaimer
Though we do strive to guarantee the information represented in this datasheet, AAA Biotech cannot be held responsible for any oversights or imprecisions. AAA Biotech reserves the right to adjust any aspect of this datasheet at any time and without notice. It is the responsibility of the customer to inform AAA Biotech of any product performance issues observed or experienced within 30 days of receipt of said product. To see additional details on this or any of our other policies, please see our Terms & Conditions page.Item has been added to Shopping Cart
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