Testing Data
(Silver Staining of SDS-PAGE gelPrecision Plus Protein Dual Xtra Prestained Protein Standards were run in lane 1 and 1 mug Recombinant Human TGF Alpha was run in lane 2 on a 4-15% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Stain-Free Protein Gel. Silver staining was performed using the Silver Stain Plus Kit)
TGF alpha active protein
Recombinant Human TGF alpha
Purified by ion exchange chromatography
Purified by ion exchange chromatography
Centrifuge vial prior to reconstitution. Reconstitute to 100 mug/ml by adding 100 mul ddH2O. Care should be taken during reconstitution as the protein may appear as a film at the bottom of the vial. Bio-Rad recommend that the vial is gently mixed after reconstitution. Do not vortex.
Pack Size: 100 ug
Centrifuge vial prior to reconstitution. Reconstitute to 100 mug/ml by adding 1 ml ddH2O. Care should be taken during reconstitution as the protein may appear as a film at the bottom of the vial. Bio-Rad recommend that the vial is gently mixed after reconstitution. Do not vortex.
This product should be stored undiluted. Storage in frost-free freezers is not recommended. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing as this may denature the protein.
Should this product contain a precipitate we recommend microcentrifugation before use.
Testing Data
(Silver Staining of SDS-PAGE gelPrecision Plus Protein Dual Xtra Prestained Protein Standards were run in lane 1 and 1 mug Recombinant Human TGF Alpha was run in lane 2 on a 4-15% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Stain-Free Protein Gel. Silver staining was performed using the Silver Stain Plus Kit)
Testing Data
(Silver Staining of SDS-PAGE gelPrecision Plus Protein Dual Xtra Prestained Protein Standards were run in lane 1 and 1 mug Recombinant Human TGF Alpha was run in lane 2 on a 4-15% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Stain-Free Protein Gel. Silver staining was performed using the Silver Stain Plus Kit)
Testing Data
(The proliferative effect of recombinant human TGF alpha was demonstrated by performing a cell proliferation assay with human breast cancer cells using alamarBlue (BUF012A). The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-1 ng/ml)
Testing Data
(The proliferative effect of recombinant human TGF alpha was demonstrated by performing a cell proliferation assay with human breast cancer cells using alamarBlue (BUF012A). The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-1 ng/ml)
Growth factors such as TGF alpha and their respective receptors play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. TGF alpha stimulates cell proliferation and is expressed in a number of tissues including skin, colon, liver and kidney (Kumar et al. 1995).
TGF alpha is one of seven epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands (Singh et al. 2016). TGF alpha is synthesized in a precursor transmembrane format, which undergoes proteolytic cleavage to generate the mature extracellular soluble ligand (Singh et al. 2016). Membrane bound TGF alpha is also biologically active and induces juxtacrine signaling by binding to EGFR on neighboring cells (Schneider and Wolf 2008). Upon TGF alpha binding, the EGFR dimerizes resulting in its phosphorylation and kinase domain activation. EGFR phosphorylation activates cell signaling pathways, such as Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways (Wang et al. 2012).
Overexpression of TGF alpha is observed in numerous cancer types including triple negative breast cancer and prostate cancer. TGF alpha plays a key role in proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells (Giricz et al. 2013, Qin et al. 2014). In addition to tumors, increased TGF alpha levels have been observed in the gastric mucosa of patients suffering from the hyper-proliferative stomach disorder, Ménétrier's disease (MD), which has resulted in the implication of TGF alpha in the pathogenesis of MD (Huh et al. 2015).
The proliferative effect of TGF alpha was demonstrated by performing a cell proliferation assay with Balb/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. The expected ED50 for this effect is 0.1-1.0 ng/ml.
NCBI and Uniprot Product Information
NCBI Description
This gene encodes a growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]
Uniprot Description
TGFalpha: TGF alpha is a mitogenic polypeptide that is able to bind to the EGF receptor/EGFR and to act synergistically with TGF beta to promote anchorage-independent cell proliferation in soft agar. Interacts with the PDZ domains of MAGI3, SDCBP and SNTA1. The interaction with SDCBP, is required for the targeting to the cell surface. In the endoplasmic reticulum, in its immature form (i.e. with a prosegment and lacking full N-glycosylation), interacts with CNIH. In the Golgi apparatus, may form a complex with CNIH and GORASP2. Interacts (via cytoplasmic C-terminal domain) with NKD2. Isoform 1, isoform 3 and isoform 4 are expressed in keratinocytes and tumor-derived cell lines. 5 isoforms of the human protein are produced by alternative splicing.
Protein type: Ligand, receptor tyrosine kinase; Motility/polarity/chemotaxis; Membrane protein, integral; Cell cycle regulation
Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 2p13
Cellular Component: extracellular space; cell surface; integral to plasma membrane; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; basolateral plasma membrane; plasma membrane; cytoplasmic vesicle; nucleus
Molecular Function: protein binding; growth factor activity; glycoprotein binding; epidermal growth factor receptor binding
Biological Process: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway; response to drug; cell proliferation; wound healing; positive regulation of mitosis; positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity; activation of MAPK activity; angiogenesis; positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation; negative regulation of apoptosis
Research Articles on TGF alpha
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Product Notes
The TGF alpha tgfa (Catalog #AAA225722) is an Active Protein produced from E Coli and is intended for research purposes only. The product is available for immediate purchase. AAA Biotech's TGF alpha can be used in a range of immunoassay formats including, but not limited to, Functional Assay. Researchers should empirically determine the suitability of the TGF alpha tgfa for an application not listed in the data sheet. Researchers commonly develop new applications and it is an integral, important part of the investigative research process. It is sometimes possible for the material contained within the vial of "TGF alpha, Active Protein" to become dispersed throughout the inside of the vial, particularly around the seal of said vial, during shipment and storage. We always suggest centrifuging these vials to consolidate all of the liquid away from the lid and to the bottom of the vial prior to opening. Please be advised that certain products may require dry ice for shipping and that, if this is the case, an additional dry ice fee may also be required.Precautions
All products in the AAA Biotech catalog are strictly for research-use only, and are absolutely not suitable for use in any sort of medical, therapeutic, prophylactic, in-vivo, or diagnostic capacity. By purchasing a product from AAA Biotech, you are explicitly certifying that said products will be properly tested and used in line with industry standard. AAA Biotech and its authorized distribution partners reserve the right to refuse to fulfill any order if we have any indication that a purchaser may be intending to use a product outside of our accepted criteria.Disclaimer
Though we do strive to guarantee the information represented in this datasheet, AAA Biotech cannot be held responsible for any oversights or imprecisions. AAA Biotech reserves the right to adjust any aspect of this datasheet at any time and without notice. It is the responsibility of the customer to inform AAA Biotech of any product performance issues observed or experienced within 30 days of receipt of said product. To see additional details on this or any of our other policies, please see our Terms & Conditions page.Item has been added to Shopping Cart
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