Background/Introduction: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also called matrixins, constitute a family of zinc and calcium dependent endopeptidases that function in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the processing of a variety of molecules in different subcellular environments. They play an important role in many normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, morphogenesis, reproduction, and tissue remodeling (1, 2). They also participate in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders such as arthritis, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (3-5). While the amounts of newly synthesized MMPs are regulated mainly at the levels of transcription, the proteolytic activities of existing MMPs are controlled through both the activation of proenzymes or zymogens and the inhibition of active enzymes by endogenous inhibitors, alpha2-Macroglobulin, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (6). MMP-9 (also referred to as gelatinase B, 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase, and type V collagenase) is secreted as a glycosylated proenzyme (6-8). Activation of the proenzyme involves proteolytic removal of the N-terminal pro region, resulting in the 82 kDa active enzyme (9, 10). Active human MMP-9 shares 72% and 74% amino acid sequence identity with mouse and rat MMP-9, respectively. In addition to the zinc-binding site, the catalytic domain also contains three contiguous fibronectin type II homology units responsible for binding gelatin (11). A proline-rich hinge region links the catalytic domain to the C-terminal hemopexin-like domain. In vitro treatment of the proenzyme with 4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) produces not only the active enzyme but also a C-terminal truncated form with activity comparable to that of the active form (12). MMP-9 degrades components of the ECM with high specific activity for denatured collagens (gelatin). It can cleave native collagens of type III, IV, V, and XI, as well as Elastin, Nidogen-1, and Vitronectin (2, 3). MMP-9 can also cleave a variety of chemokines and growth factors (e.g. IL-1beta, CXCL8/IL-8, CXCL7, CXCL4, CXCL1, Latent TGF-beta, membrane bound TNF-alpha, VEGF, and FGF basic), Amyloid beta peptide, Substance P, and Myelin Basic Protein (3, 13-15). This action can increase or decrease the biological activity of soluble factors and can also liberate them from association with the ECM (16, 17). MMP-9 can also trigger signaling through various transmembrane proteins or inhibit signaling by inducing their shedding from the cell surface (e.g. CD44, E-Cadherin, Integrins, ICAM-1, and IL-2 Ralpha) (3, 18-20). MMP-9 is produced by a variety of normal and transformed cells including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, astrocytes, fibroblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, keratinocytes, endothelial and epithelial cells. It exerts physiological and pathological angiogenic and remodeling effects on the vasculature (21-25). Activated neutrophils release proMMP-9 which is free of TIMP-1, allowing the liberation of pro-angiogenic FGF-2 from the ECM (17). MMP-9 in complex with TIMP-1 does not induce FGF-2 release (17). Neutrophil-derived MMP-9 exacerbates the inflammatory response, in part by generating collagen-derived peptides that induce the release of additional neutrophil MMP- 9 (26). MMP-9 also plays a role in bone formation and remodeling (1, 21, 27), methamphetamine- induced behavioral sensitization and reward (28), the regulation of neuronal synapse remodeling (29), trophoblast invasion during implantation (30), and the inactivation of Serpin alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (31). The shedding of adhesion proteins by MMP-9 has a direct effect on tumor cell invasiveness (18-20).Circulating levels of MMP-9 are increased in many inflammatory disorders including intraluminal thrombus formation (32), atherosclerosis (33), Crohn's disease (34), hepatitis C virus infection (35), colorectal cancer (36), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (37). The ratio of MMP-9 to TIMP-1 is also increased in multiple sclerosis serum (38) and cystic fibrosis sputum (39), but it is decreased in the serum during cytomegalovirus infection (40). Levels of free MMP-9 and complexes of MMP-9 with Lipocalin-2/NGAL are elevated in the urine of ovarian cancer and uterine tract infection patients, respectively (41, 42).
NCBI and Uniprot Product Information
NCBI Description
Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. The enzyme encoded by this gene degrades type IV and V collagens. Studies in rhesus monkeys suggest that the enzyme is involved in IL-8-induced mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow, and murine studies suggest a role in tumor-associated tissue remodeling. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Uniprot Description
May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide.
Research Articles on MMP-9
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Product Notes
The Human MMP-9 mmp9 (Catalog #AAA9135908) is an ELISA Kit and is intended for research purposes only. The product is available for immediate purchase. The AAA9135908 ELISA Kit recognizes Human MMP-9. It is sometimes possible for the material contained within the vial of "MMP-9, ELISA Kit" to become dispersed throughout the inside of the vial, particularly around the seal of said vial, during shipment and storage. We always suggest centrifuging these vials to consolidate all of the liquid away from the lid and to the bottom of the vial prior to opening. Please be advised that certain products may require dry ice for shipping and that, if this is the case, an additional dry ice fee may also be required.Precautions
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